NCCR-Synapsy

The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases

Sense of smell : nose and brain make quite a team… in disconnection

orchid in the brain

Visual retentivity of an orchid in the brain

Alan Carleton’s team (UNIGE) has just shown that the representation of an odor evolves after the first breath, and that an olfactory retentivity persists at the central level. This research is published in the online edition of the journal PNAS.

Rodents can identify odors in a single breath, which is why research on sense of smell in mammals focuses on that first inhalation. Yet we must remember that from a neurological standpoint, sensory representations change during and after the stimuli. To understand the evolution of these mental representations, an international team of researchers led by Professor Alan Carleton at the University of Geneva conducted the following experiment: by observing the brain of an alert mouse, the neuroscientists recorded the electrical activity emitted by the olfactory bulb of animals inhaling odors.
They were surprised to find that in mitral cells, some representations evolved during the first inhalations, and others persisted and remained stable well after the odor ceased. The cohort subjected to these analyses revealed that the post-odor responses contained an odor retentivity—a specific piece of information about the nature of odor and its concentration.

Will odor memory soon be understood?
Using cerebral imaging, researchers discovered that the majority of sensory activity is visible only during the presentation of odors, which implies that retentivity is essentially internal to the brain. Therefore, odor retentivity would not be dependent upon odorous physicochemical properties. Finally, to artificially induce retentivity, the team photostimulated mitral cells using channelrhodopsin, then recorded the persistent activity maintained at the central level. The strength and persistence of the retentivity were found to be dependent on the duration of the stimulation, both artificial and natural.
In summary, the neuroscientists were able to show that the representation of an odor changes after the first breath, and that an olfactory retentivity persists at the central level, a phenomenon comparable to what occurs in other sensory systems, such as vision and hearing. These movements undoubtedly enable the identification of new odors in complex environments or participate in the process of odor memorization.

Author : UNIGE


Reference :
Patterson MA, Lagier S, Carleton A;
Odor representations in the olfactory bulb evolve after the first breath and persist as an odor afterimage.
PNAS USA 110(35):E3340-9, Aug 2013. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303873110 >


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